Asociación de factores de riesgo de preeclampsia en mujeres mexiquenses / Association preeclampsia risk factors in mexiquenses women

Introducción: La preeclampsia es aún uno de los mayores problemas obstétricos en países en vías de desarrollo.Objetivo: Identificar los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar preeclampsia en mujeres mexiquenses atendidas en el Hospital Materno Perinatal "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz".Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles, se incluyeron dos grupos, el grupo A casos (n=138) y el grupo B controles (n=276) con relación caso-control de 1:2.Los criterios de definición para los casos fueron: mujeres con diagnóstico inicial de preeclampsia y que cuenten con las siguientes mediciones: Tensión Arterial Sistólica (TAS)=140 ó Tensión Arterial Diastólica (TAD)=90 mmHg más una de las siguientes: concentración de proteínas en orina de 24 h =300 ó Proteinuria =++. El grupo de controles quedó conformado por mujeres que acudieron al hospital para atención del embarazo sin preeclampsia. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 27.5±8.0 para los casos (grupo A) y 25.3±6.7 para los controles (grupo B) (P<0.01). El tener 1 o más óbitos (P<0.045), las cifras iniciales y finales de TAS y TAD, el índice de masa corporal pregestacional (IMCPG), el peso al final del embarazo, y la hipertensión arterial sistémica crónica (P<0.01) así como el haber padecido preeclampsia en algún embarazo previo fueron estadísticamente significativo (P<0.01) para tener preeclampsia. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, además de los factores de riesgo tradicionales para preeclampsia se agrega el antecedente de óbitos como otro factor de riesgo para padecer preeclampsia.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is still a major obstetric problem in developing countries. Objective: To identify the main risk factors to develop preeclampsia in women from the State of Mexico attended at the Maternal Perinatal Hospital "MónicaPreteliniSáenz". Materials and methods: In this case-control study, two groups were included, group A patients (n = 138) and B controls (n = 276) with a case-control ratio of 1: 2. The criteria for defining cases were women initially diagnosed with preeclampsia and who had the following measurements: Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) =140 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) =90 mmHg plus one of the following: =300 protein concentration in a 24-h urine sample or proteinuria = ++. The control group was made up of women attended at the hospital who did not develop preeclampsia. Results: The mean age was 27.5 ± 8.0 years for the cases (group A) and 25.3 ± 6.7 years for controls (group B) (P <0.01). Having 1 or more stillbirth (P <0.045), initial and final measures of SBP and DBP, the pre-pregnancy body mass index (IMCPG), weight in late pregnancy, and chronic hypertension (P <0.01) as well as having had preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy were statistically significant (P <0.01) to have preeclampsia. Conclusions: In our population, in addition to the traditional risk factors for preeclampsia, history of stillbirthswas is another risk factor to develop preeclampsia.

Reference values for areal bone mineral density among a healthy Mexican population / Valores de referencia para la densidad mineral ósea expresada en área para una población mexicana sana

OBJECTIVE: Compare the influence of ethnicity in the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in various Mexican populations using two normal dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reference databases: manufacturer's incorporating US Hispanic population and a normal mestizo Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MMP included 9 946 subjects participating in an ongoing long-term cohort study focusing on lifestyle and chronic diseases, of which 6 487 MMP males and females aged 7 to 80 years were the normal subjects used to determine bone density T- and Z-scores, following WHO criteria, and peak bone mass values. Abnormal bone mass density values estimated by the manufacturer's and peak bone mass reference values were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that by using the manufacturer's T-score values in the mestizo Mexican population we are underestimating the number of abnormal bone mass BMD populations.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la influencia de la etnicidad en la prevalencia de osteopenia y osteoporosis en varias poblaciones mexicanas utilizando dos bases de referencia normal de densitometría de rayos X (DXA): referencia del fabricante que incorpora hispanos en Estados Unidos y datos de una población mestiza mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 9 946 sujetos de población mestiza mexicana participantes en una cohorte de largo plazo dirigida al estudio de estilos de vida y ocurrencia de enfermedades crónicas; de los cuales 6 487 sujetos sanos de ambos sexos, con edad entre los 7 y los 80 años, fueron utilizados para determinar los valores T, Z, de acuerdo a los criterios de la OMS, así como a los valores de masa ósea pico. Se compararon los casos de densidad mineral ósea anormal de acuerdo a los valores de referencia del fabricante y los valores de masa ósea pico de la población mestiza. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIÓN: Las bases de referencia del fabricante subestima significativamente el número de casos con densidad mineral ósea anormal en la población mestiza mexicana.

Determinantes de violencia de pareja en trabajadoras del IMSS morelos / Determinants of partner violence in health workers of IMSS, Morelos

OBJETIVO: Identificar la ocurrencia de violencia de pareja y evaluar los factores asociados a este fenómeno en una muestra de trabajadoras del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Morelos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 1 173 mujeres de la cohorte de trabajadores del IMSS proporcionó información sobre frecuencia y percepción de severidad de violencia psicológica, física o sexual durante los últimos 12 meses. El estudio se realizó en el estado de Morelos, entre octubre de 1998 y marzo de 2000. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística politómica a fin de estimar razones de momios para distintos grados de violencia. RESULTADOS: Se observó una alta prevalencia de violencia. Los principales factores asociados fueron la relación de pareja y el consumo de alcohol; el estado emocional de la pareja en el hogar; la tensión laboral de la mujer y los antecedentes de violencia en la infancia. CONCLUSIONES: Los principales factores determinantes de violencia de pareja son potencialmente modificables a través de intervenciones que ayuden a manejar el nivel de tensión. Es necesario tomar en cuenta estos hallazgos al planear programas preventivos de violencia de pareja en México.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of partner violence, and to identify the associated risk factors in a sample of female workers of IMSS (Mexican Social Security Institute), Morelos State. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 1 173 women participating in the cohort study of IMSS workers are utilized to study these associations. The study provides information on frequency of psychological, physical or sexual violence and perception of severity during the 12 months prior to the time of data collection. It was carried out in Morelos between October 1998 and March 2000. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios for different degrees of partner violence. RESULTS: A high prevalence of partner violence is observed in the sample. Main factors associated with higher severity of violence are state of the relationship and alcohol intake, emotional status of the couple at home, work burden of the woman, and a history of violence in childhood. CONCLUSIONS: All these factors are potentially modifiable through interventions aimed at stress reduction. These results should be considered when developing preventive programs against partner violence in Mexico.

Depression among health workers: The role of social characteristics, work stress, and chronic diseases

Abstract: Antecedents A substantial number of Mexican adults (9-13%) experience psychological distress and a significant minority suffers from severe mental impairment. Most people suffering from depression do not seek treatment, even though they can be helped and treated. In some families, depression may occur across generations, but it may also affect those without any family history. Low self-esteem, stressful life changes and chronic stress may provoke a depressive episode. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Parkinson's disease and hormonal disorders, may lead to depression, making a sick individual apathetic, incapable of taking care of his/her physical needs. In turn, such apathy increases the recovery period. Most probably, a combination of genetic, psychological, and social factors work together in the development of a depressive disorder. However, very little is known about the principal causes of depression in Mexico. It is possible that, due to cultural and social differences, these factors and their impact are distributed differently on the Mexican population as compared to those from the US population. Objectives The first objective from this study is to estímate the frequency and distribution of depression by social characteristics on a population of health workers in Mexico. The second objective is to study the effect of stress and chronic diseases on depression. Methods To study the effects of stress and chronic diseases on depression we used a cross-sectional data obtained from a total of 4048 workers. These workers participated in the "IMSS Health Worker Cohort Study in Morelos" through the years 1998 to 2000. Their age varied from 18 to 89 years. A self-reported questionnaire was administered to obtain information on life-style factors, social characteristics, work stress, and chronic diseases. Data were analyzed using politomic regressions to study the effects of social characteristics on moderate and high levels of depressive symptomatology and on risk factors, such as work stress and chronic diseases. The analysis is stratified by gender as it is expected that effects of such characteristics vary by gender. Results Our results show that the workers' socioeconomic characteristics are significantly associated with their depression level. Being female, being separated from the spouse, having lower education, and working in non-professional jobs with lower income is significantly and positively associated with depression. Similarly, having a less satisfying job and having more than one chronic disease is significantly and positively associated with depression. Workers from a lower socioeconomic status report higher levels of stress and suffer more chronic diseases compared to those from higher socioeconomic levels. Hence, some of the effects of social characteristics seem to be mediated by stress and chronic diseases. Conclusion Our results are consistent with previous research demonstrating systematic variations among groups of people who are at a higher risk for depression. In our study, we find that depression is higher among selected groups, such as women, young and old workers, those without a partner, and those with lower economic resources. We also find that stress and chronic diseases are among the reasons for which groups, which are socially and economically vulnerable, tend to become depressed. To be effective in the long run, any intervention directed to these groups of people must take into account associations highlighted in this paper.

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